Reviews of Water scarcity and fish imperilment driven by beef production

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• 2.Richter, B. Chasing Water: A Guide for Moving from Scarcity to Sustainability (Island Press, 2014).

• 3.Hoekstra, A. Y. & Mekonnen, M. M. The water footprint of humanity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 3232–3237 (2012).

• 4.Schwarz, E. & Mathijs, E. Globalization and the sustainable exploitation of scarce groundwater in coastal Peru. J. Clean. Prod. 147, 231–241 (2017).

• 5.Ercin, A. E., Chico, D. & Chapagain, A. K. Dependencies of Europe’s Economy on Other Parts of the World in Terms of Water Resources (Water Footprint Network, 2016).

• 6.Jiménez Cisneros, B. E. et al. in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (eds Field, C. B. et al.) 229–269 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014).

• 7.Udall, B. & Overpeck, J. The twenty-first century Colorado River hot drought and implications for the future. Water Resour. Res. 53, 2404–2418 (2017).

• 8.Dudgeon, D. Prospects for sustaining freshwater biodiversity in the 21st century: linking ecosystem structure and function. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2, 422–430 (2010).

• 9.Horne, A. C. et al. (eds) Water for the Environment: From Policy and Science to Implementation and Management (Elsevier, 2017).

• 10.Reed, K. M. & Czech, B. Causes of fish endangerment in the United States, or the structure of the American economy. Fisheries 30, 36–38 (2005).

• 11.Richter, B. D., Braun, D. P., Mendelson, M. A. & Master, L. L. Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna. Conserv. Biol. 11, 1081–1093 (1997).

• 12.Richter, B. D., Powell, E. M., Lystash, T. & Faggert, M. in Water Policy and Planning in a Variable and Changing Climate (eds Miller, K. A. et al.) Ch. 7 (CRC Press, 2016).

• 13.AghaKouchak, A., Feldman, D., Hoerling, M., Huxman, T. & Lund, J. Water and climate: recognize anthropogenic drought. Nature 524, 409–411 (2015).

• 14.Doremus, H. D. & Tarlock, A. D. Water War in the Klamath Basin: Macho Law, Combat Biology, and Dirty Politics (Island Press, 2012).

• 15.Federal and State Endangered and Threatened Species Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2016 (US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2016).

• 16.Richter, B. D. et al. Tapped out: how can cities secure their water future? Water Policy 15, 335–363 (2013).

• 17.Brauman, K., Richter, B. D., Postel, S., Malsy, M. & Flörke, M. Water depletion: an improved metric for incorporating seasonal and dry-year water scarcity into water risk assessments. Elementa 4, 000083 (2016).

• 18.Howitt, R., MacEwan, D., Medellín-Azuara, J., Lund, J. & Sumner, D. Economic Analysis of the 2015 Drought for Agriculture (Univ. California, Davis, 2015).

• 19.Murray, K. D. & Lohman, R. B. Short-lived pause in central California subsidence after heavy winter precipitation of 2017. Sci. Adv. 4, eaar8144 (2018).

• 20.Fialka, J. Lingering Colorado River drought could lead to water shortages. E&E News (6 September 2018).

• 21.Romeo, J. Drought plan aims to curtail water loss at Lake Powell, Lake Mead. The Durango Herald (12 October 2018); https://durangoherald.com/articles/245192

• 22.Agreement Concerning Colorado River Drought Contingency Management and Operations Exhibit 1 (US Bureau of Reclamation, 2019); https://go.nature.com/2OKDLhO

• 23.Sun, G. et al. Upscaling key ecosystem functions across the conterminous United States by a water-centric ecosystem model. J. Geophys. Res. 116, G00J05 (2011).

• 24.Caldwell, P. V., Sun, G., McNulty, S. G., Cohen, E. C. & Moore Myers, J. A. Impacts of impervious cover, water withdrawals, and climate change on river flows in the conterminous US. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 2839–2857 (2012).

• 25.Seaber, P. R., Kapinos, F. P. & Knapp, G. L. Hydrologic Unit Maps Water-Supply Paper 2294 (U.S. Geological Survey, 1987).

• 26.Tidwell, V. C., Moreland, B. D., Shaneyfelt, C. R. & Cobos, P. Mapping water availability, cost and projected consumptive use in the eastern United States with comparisons to the west. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, aa9907 (2018).

• 27.Emanuel, R. E., Buckley, J. J., Caldwell, P. V., McNulty, S. G. & Sun, G. Influence of basin characteristics on the effectiveness and downstream reach of interbasin water transfers: displacing a problem. Environ. Res. Lett. 10, 124005 (2015).

• 28.Xenopoulos, M. A. et al. Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from climate change and water withdrawal. Glob. Change Biol. 11, 1557–1564 (2005).

• 29.Xenopoulos, M. A. & Lodge, D. M. Going with the flow: using species-discharge relationships to forecast losses in fish biodiversity. Ecology 87, 1907–1914 (2006).

• 30.Freeman, M. C. & Marcinek, P. A. Fish assemblage responses to water withdrawals and water supply reservoirs in Piedmont streams. Environ. Manag. 38, 435–450 (2006).

• 31.Poff, N. L. & Zimmerman, J. K. Ecological responses to altered flow regimes: a literature review to inform the science and management of environmental flows. Freshw. Biol. 55, 194–205 (2010).

• 32.Hwang, H. et al. Building the FAF4 Regional Database: Data Sources and Estimation Methodologies (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2017).

• 33.Dieter, C. A. et al. Estimated use of water in the United States in 2015 Circular 1441 (US Geological Survey, 2018).

• 34.Dieter, C. A. et al. Estimated Use of Water in the United States County-Level Data for 2015 (USGS, 2018).

• 35.Richter, B. D. et al. Opportunities for saving and reallocating agricultural water to alleviate scarcity. Water Policy 19, 886–907 (2017).

• 36.Richter, B. D., Davis, M., Apse, C. & Konrad, C. A presumptive standard for environmental flow protection. River Res. Appl. 28, 1312–1321 (2011).

• 37.Döll, P. et al. Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations. J. Geodynamics 59–60, 143–156 (2012).

• 38.Feick, S., Siebert, S., & Döll, P. A Digital Global Map of Artificially Drained Agricultural Areas (Institute of Physical Geography, Univ. of Frankfurt, 2005); http://www.geo.unifrankfurt.de/ipg/ag/dl/publikationen/index.html

• 39.Reitz, M., Sanford, W. E., Senay, G. B. & Cazenas, J. Annual estimates of recharge, quick-flow runoff, and evapotranspiration for the contiguous U.S. using empirical regression equations. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 53, 961–983 (2017).

• 40.Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Irrigated Agriculture Dataset for the United States (MIrAD-US) (USGS, 2018).

• 41.Sun, S. et al. Drought impacts on ecosystem functions of the U.S. National Forests and Grasslands: part I evaluation of a water and carbon balance model. For. Ecol. Manag. 353, 260–268 (2015).

• 42.Caldwell, P., Sun, G., Tian, H. Q. & Zeng, N. How well do terrestrial biosphere models simulate coarse-scale runoff in the contiguous United States? Ecol. Model. 303, 87–96 (2015).

• 43.Schwalm, C. R. et al. Upscaling key ecosystem functions across the conterminous United States by a water-centric ecosystem model. J. Geophys. Res. 116, G00J05 (2011).

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• 46.Mekonnen, M. M. & Hoekstra, A. Y. The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 15, 1577–1600 (2011).

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• 48.Dickens, J. M., Forbes, B. T., Cobean, D. S. & Tadayon, S. Documentation of Methods and Inventory of Irrigation Data Collected for the 2000 and 2005 US Geological Survey Estimated Use of Water in the United States, Comparison of USGS-Compiled Irrigation Data to Other Sources, and Recommendations for Future Compilations (USGS, 2011).

• 49.Marston, L., Ao, Y., Konar, M., Mekonnen, M. M. & Hoekstra, A. Y. High-resolution water footprints of production of the United States. Water Resour. Res. 54, 2288–2316 (2018).

• 50.Solley, W. B., Pierce, R. R. & Perlman, H. A. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995 (USGS, 1998).

• 51.Chini, C. M. & Stillwell, A. S. The state of U.S. urban water: data and the energy‐water nexus. Water Resour. Res. 54, 1796–1811 (2018).

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• 53.Active Mines and Mineral Processing Plants in the United States in 2003 (USGS, 2005); https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mineplant/

• 54.Diehl, T. H. & Harris, M. A. Withdrawal and Consumption of Water by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States (USGS, 2014); https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145184

• 55.Energy Information Administration Form EIA-860 Annual Electric Generator Report (US Department of Energy, 2018); https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/

• 56.McManamay, R. A. & Frimpong, E. A. Hydrologic filtering of fish life history strategies across the United States: implications for stream flow alteration. Ecol. Appl. 25, 243–263 (2015).

• 57.Averyt, K. et al. Water use for electricity in the United States: an analysis of reported and calculated water use information for 2008. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 015001 (2013).

• 58.Macknick, J., Newmark, R., Heath, G. & Hallett, K. C. Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature. Environ. Res. Lett. 7, 045802 (2012).

• 59.Energy Information Administration Form EIA-923 Power Plant Operations Report (US Department of Energy, 2019); https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/

• 60.Digital Distribution Maps of the Freshwater Fishes in the Conterminous United States Version 3.0 (NatureServe, 2010); https://go.nature.com/2OMftE1

• 61.Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).

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• 63.Frimpong, E. A. & Angermeier, P. L. Fish Traits: a database of ecological and life‐history traits of freshwater fishes of the United States. Fisheries 34, 487–495 (2009).

• 64.Mims, M. C. & Olden, J. D. Life history theory predicts fish assemblage response to hydrologic regimes. Ecology 93, 35–45 (2012).

• 65.2012 CFS Public Use Microdata File (US Census Bureau, 2015); https://go.nature.com/2HeBVl9

• 66.Hwang, H. et al. The Freight Analysis Framework Version 4 (FAF4): Building the FAF4 Regional Database: Data Sources and Estimation Methodologies (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2017).

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• 70.Mekonnen, M. M. & Hoekstra, A. Y. A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products. Ecosystems 15, 401–415 (2012).

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• 72.Country and Product Trade Data. Exports and Imports Totals 3-digit SITC (US Census Bureau, accessed 24 October 2018); https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/country/sitc/sitc39614digit.xlsx